Facile synthesis of 2′-substituted lactoses

Isopropylidenation of lactose with 2,2-dimethoxypropane in the presence ofp-toluenesulfonic acid gave two products, which were identified by¹H- and¹³C-NMR as 2,35,63,4-tri-O-isopropylidenelactose dimethyl acetal (1) and its 6-O-(2-methoxy)-isopropyl derivative (2). These products were used for the synthesis of 2-O-methyllactose (7), 2,6-di-O-methyllactose (9) and 2-O-benzyllactose (13).     

Close linkage between X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and a cloned DNA sequence detecting a two allele restriction fragment length polymorphism in the region Xp11-q12

Summary EDA (ectodermal dysplasia, anhidrotic) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by hypohidrosis, hypoor anodontia, and hypotrichosis. A possible linkage between the gene for EDA and a number of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) spread over the X chromosome was investigated in two Danish families segregating EDA. No recombination between the gene for EDA and our probe pTAK8, which detects a two allele polymorphism in the region Xp11-q12, was found in nine informative meiotic events (seven of which are phase known), giving a maximal lod score of 2.41 at a recombination fraction of 0.00. This juxtacentromeric location of the gene for EDA agrees well with the linkage data obtained with the other markers used in this study.     

The detection of phantom targets in noise by serotine bats; negative evidence for the coherent receiver

Summary Using a target simulator three serotine bats,Eptesicus serotinus, were trained to judge whether a phantom target was present or absent. The echolocation sounds emitted by the bats during the detection were intercepted by a microphone, amplified and returned by a loudspeaker as an artificial echo, with a delay of 3.2 ms and a sound level determined by the overall gain and cry amplitude. The cry level of each pulse was measured and the echo level received by the bat was calculated. The target was presented in 50% of the trials and the gain adjusted using conventional up/down procedures. Under these conditions between 40 and 48 dB peSPL were required for 50% detection (Figs. 2, 3).In a subsequent experiment the phantom target was masked with white noise (N_o) with a spectrum level of –113 dB re. 1 Pa·Hz^–1/2. The thresholds were increased by 7–14 dB. Energy density (S) of a single pulse was measured and used to estimate S/N_o, which ranged from 36–49 dB at threshold. Theoretically the coherent receiver model predicts the ratio between hits and false alarms observed for the bats at a S/N_o of ca. 1–2 dB. Since the bats require 40–50 dB higher S/N_o (Fig. 3), this is taken as negative evidence for coherent reception (cross correlation).Furthermore, a strong sensitivity to clutter was found since there seemed to exist a fixed relationship between thresholds and clutter level.Abbreviations C clutter - Nbw noise in a specified bandwidth - No noise in i Hz bandwidth - peSPL peak equivalent sound pressure level - S signal energy - SD standard deviation - Y/N Yes/No psychometry - 2AFC two alternative forced choice psychometry     

Feeding and growth of larval herring,Clupea harengus,in relation to density of copepod nauplii

Synopsis Feeding and growth rates of 1–3 wk old herring larvae from four different stocks were compared in laboratory experiments (8°C). For most of the larval groups, feeding rate was saturated at nauplii (Acartia tonsa, nauplii stages 3–5) densities over 301^–1 (5 g d.w. 1^–1). Specific growth rate increased asymptotically with nauplii density, and reached about 6% d^–1 at densities over 120 nauplii 1^–1. The growth rates attained in the laboratory were similar to field measured growth rates of similarly aged herring larvae at comparable food densities. Since food particles were homogenously distributed in the laboratory tanks, patches of dense plankton concentrations are, thus, apparently not necessary for larval growth and survival in the sea. Growth efficiency differed between larval groups, with large sized larvae being the most efficient in transforming ingested matter into growth. The difference probably relates to different sizes rather than to the different geographical origins of the larvae.     

Localization of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule D2-protein in explant cultures of dorsal root ganglia by use of the colloidal-gold immunocytochemical technique

Summary The localization of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), D2-protein, in explant cultures of rat dorsal root ganglia was investigated at the electron microscope level by the use of 17-nm-diameter colloidal gold particles coated with swine anti-rabbit immunoglobulin molecules. The minimum amount of IgG needed to coat the gold particles and the pH optimal for coating were both determined. Immunocytochemical studies of cultures revealed the binding of gold particles to the neuronal plasma membrane, especially on neuritic processes. Schwann cells were not labeled, and the level of unspecific background staining was very low.     

Inhibition of exogenous NADH oxidation in plant mitochondria by chlorotetracycline in the presence of calcium ions

Chlorotetracycline inhibits the uncoupled oxidation of exogenous NADH by Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) mitochondria extensively (over 80%) and rapidly (inhibition complete in 10 s) in the presence of added Ca²⁺. Half-maximal inhibition is observed at 15 μM chlorotetracycline in the presence of 2 mM Ca²⁺. The oxidation of succinate is only affected marginally by chlorotetracycline plus Ca²⁺. The inhibition of NADH oxidation and the fluorescence of CTC are well correlated. Mn²⁺ is the only other cation which shows an (increased) inhibition in the presence of chlorotetracycline. The inhibition by Ca²⁺ and chlorotetracycline disappears at acid pH, and the pH optimum in their presence is 6.4. The inhibition caused by other lipid-soluble Ca²⁺-chelators is not reversible or is enhanced by the addition of excess Ca²⁺. In contrast, inhibition caused by relatively water-soluble chelators is completely reversed by added Ca²⁺. It is suggested that a neutral 1:2 complex is formed between Ca²⁺ and chlorotetracycline which can substitute for Ca²⁺ bound at sites in the lipophilic phase of the inner mitochondrial membrane, which are essential for the activity of the external NADH dehydrogenase.     

Production estimates of the benthic invertebrate community in a small Danish stream

Quantitative samples were used to investigate density, biomass and annual production of the benthic invertebrate fauna in a small Danish stream. Forty-eight taxa were found and the total invertebrate densities varied from 3 810 m^?2 in July to 20 040 m^?2 in December. The total mean annual biomass of the invertebrate fauna was 6.1 g ash-free dry wt m^?2. The annual production of the invertebrates was estimated from their mean annual biomass and their annual P/B ratio. Production of the primary consumers (herbivores and detritivores) was 21.4 g ash-free dry wt m^?2 y^?1 and of secondary consumers (carnivores) 1.1 g m^?2 y^?1. The amount of invertebrate production available to the trout population and the importance of the species as food for trout are discussed.     

Dilution and acidification effects during the spring flood of four Swedish mountain brooks

The seasonal variation in water chemistry was followed during 1980 and 1981 in four mountain brooks in the southern part of Swedish Lapland. In the area investigated the soil is calcareous and the brook water is very well buffered during the major part of the year, with alkalinity varying between 0.4 and 1.0 milliequivalents per liter and with pH values about 7.5. These years the snow had a pH of approximately 5.2, which was considerably higher than has been reported from adjacent areas in the lower, coniferous region. During snowmelt the water discharge increased drastically, and although the net transport of bicarbonate increased, alkalinity showed low values due to dilution with meltwater. pH decreased, but not further than to 6.3–6.5, far from values reported in 1979 (pH less than 5), apparently due to the comparatively clean snow. A slight deficit in alkalinity, as compared to the nonmarine calcium and magnesium content, points to an acidification impact on the area. During maximum runoff some chemical variables, like aluminium, iron, nitrogen and phosphorus, behaved reversely to what might be expected during dilution and reached maxima in concentrations. It is concluded that the extreme runoff characteristics of high mountain areas make brook water more sensitive to acid precipitation than might be expected when regarding only the calcareous properties of soil and bedrock.     

Determination of growth-limiting nutrients for red species of Oscillatoria and two ‘oligotrophic’ diatoms

Laboratory batch experiments with dilute phytoplankton communities were carried out to determine growth-limiting nutrients and the degree of growth limitation for Asterionella formosa, Hass., Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngb.) Kütz. and red species of Oscillatoria under specific temperature and light conditions. Water samples from five Norwegian lakes with average epilimnetic total phosphorus concentrations ranging from 5 to 30 µg P per 1 were investigated. Both enrichment and transplant experiments were carried out. In samples from the most oligotrophic lakes (Lake Randsfjorden and Lake Tyrifjorden) phosphorus was found to be the growth-limiting nutrient. In samples from Lake Mjøsa silicate was also growth-limiting for the diatoms, while nitrogen could be limiting for both asterionella and Oscillatoria from Lake Steinsfjorden. Phosphorus was often the only limiting nutrient determined for Oscillatoria in Lake Gjersjøen (the most eutrophic of the lakes). In samples from this lake, however, Asterionella was also growth-limited directly or indirectly as a result of high (pH > 9). This was also found for Asterionella and Tabellaria from lake Mjøsa by means of transplant experiments. Oscillatoria from Lake Gjersjøen could not grow in filtered water from Lake Mjøsa but obtained maximum growth rate after addition of phosphate and chelated iron in combination.